Investment & Retirement Account Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment & Retirement Account - Research Paper Example Bonds are usually risk free and they are the best investment for retirement purposes. That will ensure that an investor gets assured returns at the end of the year. The use of options is highly risky. However, if the gains are positive, the returns will be high. The other advantage of options is the fact that the returns are usually frequent. In the case of a person wanting to retire, he/she will be assuring of frequent returns that will be used for survival purposes. Stocks are advantageous because they are a source of accumulating wealth and frequent dividends. The difference between traditional IRA’s and Roth is mainly on the payment of taxes for the deposits. In the case of the traditional IRA, taxes are paid at the end when a person is withdrawing the retirement money. There are some instances when a person can escape taxes in the front end in a case whereby money is put in the account. In the case off Roth IRA, it is the opposite of that. Taxes are usually paid in the front end and there are no extra taxes at the back end. For both accounts, money usually grows tax free while in the account. The other difference is on the contribution differences. For traditional IRA, anyone who has an earned income can contribute. However, for Roth IRA, there are income limits

The nature of God Essay Example for Free

The nature of God Essay Explain what the creation reveals about the nature of God (35) Question B). To what extent is God responsible for everything in creation? (10) Answer A). Parts of God’s nature and attributes are revealed and shown in the Creation Story of Genesis. The first being Creatio Ex Nihilo; this is how God created everything out of nothing, however, this attribute is not made completely clear in Genesis as it could be perceived as God shaping and calming the chaos that was already there. This questions whether God is a Craftsman as he would have used materials already in existence. God as Creator is another attribute portrayed in the beginning of the creation story, meaning that God created the world deliberately – therefore you cannot make something if you already have it. However, for Augustine these attributes are so far to be recognised as God must also be transcendent to being eternal as this would mean he is outside time and space, therefore making Creatio Ex Nihilo possible. When God begins creation, both omnipotence and perfection are shown. God says ‘let there be light’ and then there is light – whatever God commands becomes into existence. And then Genesis says that it was Good, showing that whatever God commands is perfect. It also shows God’s goodness, God is the highest standard of good and therefore whatever he commands is good. God created the world as an act of love showing omnibenevolence , he is an all-loving creature and created the world for us to live in. (27/35) Answer B). To an extent, God is responsible for everything in creation because he created the world; everything, and everyone in existence which shows that his power is now a consequence of that. Using the analogy of ‘creating a gun, is just as bad as shooting someone’ some people may argue that God created the gun even as an act of love, is the sole blame for all the bad and evil in the world. They may also argue that as God is omniscient as he would be able to see all of the bad that will come from creating the world and yet still chose to create the gun anyway. However, Christians may criticise this view with the fact that God gave us free will and therefore cannot be blamed for all the evil in the world. Some may argue that although God saw all the bad that would come from creating the world he also saw all the good that has happened, and is yet to come. Also, some Christians believe that God created the world and then left, so although he all created the world as an act of love and stewardship, he left it for us to look after – as our own responsibility and so cannot be blamed. On the hand to no extent is God responsible for everything in creation because Atheist would argue that God doesn’t exist and so plays no part in what happens in the world. However Christians would disagree with this. In conclusion, I believe God is responsible to extent for everything in creation because he created everything knowing what will come of it, but also gave us free will, and may have seen all the possibilities of this. Overall though, I don’t know if God exists so he could not be responsible what-so-ever. (7/10)

Girls Like Us Essay -- essays research papers

Girls Like Us   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Girls Like Us is an intimate portrayal concerning four girls who grew up all with different ethnic backgrounds and various forms of parental guidence. Anna Chau is Vietnames with strict parents and good beliefs, Lisa Bronca is a Caucasion Catholic, De'Yonna Moore is African-American with strong goals who lives with her Grandma and Raelene Cox is a young white girl who comes from a broken home with little parental guidence. Girls Like Us shows examples of structural functionism, and conflict theory, as well as symbolic interactionalism. This movie really intersted me because I actually got to see each of these girls grow up. This film also contained implications for the science of sociology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that the main point of the movie Girls Like Us was to show examples of how different lifestyles could have an impact on young girls growing up today. It actually showed these different girls at different important stages in their lives so we got to see how strong their goals were at the beginning, and how they changed with time and maturity. It showed how family history and ethnic diversity has an important role in the lives of young girls. It was a good way to show how lifestyles in general impacted each of these girls futures in so many ways. It takes four girls all with different families and different religious beliefs and asks them about their goals and lives when they are young. Then we see them again each year and it shows the changes in personality as well as in their beliefs and goals. In this movie Elements of structural functionalism were definately present. For example, each of these girls were from the same society, but all their religious a nd ethical backgrounds varied. Depending on their history and family each girl had a different view on topics like premarital sex or college goals. I feel that because Raelene's mom didn't care much about raelene or how well she did in school, neither did Raelen. This probably led her to the path of dropping out of school and teen pregnancy. Then we meet Anna Chau who tells us she would never have premarital sex because it's not allowed and she plans to someday go to college. Anna's father and her culture would be the functionalist because they stressed education and religion. Co... ...weather or notl their children succeed. Anna's story has another example of this when she says she would get in trouble for kissing a guy, although she does have premarital sex, she says she doesnt like it, doesnt like her boyfriend and feels dirty afterwards. I think this is because she was brought up thinking it was wrong and will always believe that. Lisa's mother has been divorced 3 times and then Lisa's boyfriend cheats on her and she stays with him, they talk about marraige like its nothing. I think this is because she saw her mother do ti so many times it just seemed normal like it was no big deal. Her mother did however stress school was important and Lisa has never missed a day of school and goes on to attend college.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really enjoyed the movie Girls Like Us. I liked watching these girls grow up and change their whole lives around. It showed how the science of sociology is present in everyday lives and relationships and how conflicts can change a person for the better or the worst. What a learned most from this movie was how structural functionalism really does play a major part of how we grow up no matter what our ethnic backgrounds may be.

Womens Basketball Essay

The average man also tends to be faster ND stronger than the average woman according to Livingston. Com. Women, nonetheless, are very athletic and skilled in their own right and deserve the same recognition as athletes as men receive. The reason their games are not as widely viewed publicly is simply because they are not as fun to watch. For example the average attendance for a Los Angles Lasers game in 2011 was 18,997 people (ESP.. Com). While the average attendance for a Los Angles Sparks game, who plays in the same arena, was 1 0, 1 76 people which is higher than all other WAN teams for that season according to probabilistically. Mom. This can be changed with just a simple tweak of the playing equipment. Handicapping in female sports is quite common; it gives the women the chance to have the same kind of success as the men in their respective sports, which is why lowering the rims in women's basketball would provide more support for the game by making it more entertaining to watch which would mean higher attended games and more television viewers. If the rims were lowered, women's basketball would be much more entertaining to watch.Women would be able to finish shots closer to the rim teeter which would result in higher scoring and much more exciting games. The reason men have such a large following worldwide is because people love watching some of the best athletes in the world do things on a court with a ball that nobody else can do. Women's basketball players are no different. They, too, are the some of the best athletes in the world, but they just can't do everything on a court that a man can do because they are naturally built differently.Men tend to be much taller and stronger than women, and are able to jump higher and play much more aggressively. Lowering the rim, even just seven inches, would allow the female players to do more of the things that men can do, like dunk and hit high level of difficulty shots more often. One of the main promoters of th is idea is the University of Connecticut head women's basketball coach Gene Uremia, a seven time national champion with the Huskies who also led the women's IIS Olympic team to a gold medal this past summer in London. What makes fans not want to watch women's basketball is that some of the players can't shoot and they miss lay-ups and that forces the game to slow down,† states Uremia (Gregory). He argues hat the lowering of the rim would increase the shooting percentages and increase the final scores, making it an overall much more exciting game to watch. This would in turn result in an increased audience and would be beneficial for the growth of the game and the women getting the attention and respect that they deserve. Adjusting the playing equipment in women's sports is a very common practice.The nets are lower than the men's in women's volleyball, the tees are moved up closer to the pin in golf, softball fields are smaller than baseball fields, and even in basketball their balls are already smaller to account for hysterical differences. That is why it is not unjust or sexist to propose lowering the rims to adjust to women's differences in size and athleticism, for it would only be beneficial for female sports. It is unfair to expect women to play on a 10 foot rim and still get the type of attention that men get. The difference in athleticism and size just won't allow for that. In 2007, NAB. Mom did a survey and found that the average NAB player is six feet and nine inches tall. A similar survey done in 2003 by WAN. Com found that the average height of a player is five feet eleven inches tall. This difference is the exact reason why men are dunking and women aren't, but more importantly, why people are watching the men's games but not the women's games. Men are taller and have an easier time dunking and finishing off balance shots, while the smaller women have to work harder to put the ball through the basket. Basketball fans like to see the high scor ing games and the powerful slam-dunks.This is proven by the NAB All-Star weekend in which there is not only an All-Star game, but a Slam-Dunk contest and Three-Point contest as well which totaled in 2,729,000 viewers in 2012 (Savage). The WAN All-Star game had a total of 756,000 viewers in 201 1 (Costa). These numbers show how much more people would rather watch the men play then the women. Changes need to be made to even these numbers out. Other sports have followed this blueprint where the equipment used is adjusted to make them more successful, and it is time that basketball followed suit.Lowering the rims in women's basketball is a very controversial and not yet widespread topic. In fact, it is a very new subject that is only recently gaining attention. There are many opponents to the idea of the basket being lowered or women, as well as many hurdles to get through in order for it to take effect. In order for this to happen, there would have to be a long process of meetings and rule changes and an agreement between all leagues of women's basketball both collegiate and professionally.The NCAA released a statement saying, â€Å"The NCAA continues to work with its members and others to grow the game Of women's basketball, but the issue Coach Uremia has raised is not before our membership for consideration† (AltaVista). Also, almost every gym that women play in is the home court to a men's team as ell. So there are ID foot baskets in every facility already, and switching all of those to height adjustable rims would require a significant renovation. There are also critics of this idea who believe lowering the rims is an insult to female athletes everywhere: â€Å"†¦ Roaring the rims would further ostracize young girls who are trying to learn the game on courts across the country, often right alongside boys,† states Kate Fagan, a writer for ASPEN. Com, a women's sports site: (Lowering) â€Å"The problem is people insist on comparing it to the men's game, suggesting women would attract more fans if they dunked and played above the rim, like men. This obsession with comparing women's basketball to men's doesn't exist in other sports†¦ F the argument is that people don ‘t watch women's basketball because it's slower and less explosive, then lowering the rim all the rims, for girls and women every/here does nothing to change that' (Fagan). The entertainment factor does not appeal to many that are close to the game, and they are happy with how the sport is and feel it needs no change. What Pagan's argument fails to mention though, is that professional women's settable is hardly a profitable organization. The average NAB player makes about $3 million per year, while the average WAN player makes about $35,880 per year.Why shouldn't men and women be paid the same for playing the same game and working just as hard? The only way this will happen is if women's basketball gains more fans and becomes just as popular and g lorified as the men's games. Like the adjustments for women in other sports, lowering the rim would give women a chance to be more successful which would in turn make the game more entertaining to watch. By more people watching the games and giving it more support, both the NCAA and WAN would gain more fans and more money.With this money, WAN teams could get television deals like the NAB teams, which would mean more young girls could watch the games and be motivated to go and pick up a basketball themselves. The more young women there are that play basketball, the better the competition will be which would result in even better players then there are today. Basketball is a great sport and women deserve just as much recognition for their talents as the men receive. Lowering the rim would provide all that it would lead to more equality between men's and women's basketball.

Family Violence Essay

While it is difficult to create a concrete definition of family violence or blame anyone involved in it, no one will disagree with the fact that it can be disastrous for all members of any family. The inherent complexity of such situations makes it difficult to blame any single person of the family or to underpin a particular gender as the sole guilty behind such occurrence. Therefore this study briefly explores why this issue looks so complicated and whether such complication would help to solve the situation. According to Levesque et al. (2001), family violence involves family members’ acts of omission or commission that result in physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, or other forms of maltreatment, which eventually hampers healthy development of humans.   The above definition fairly indicates that there are many faces of family violence and it can be difficult for an outsider to identify if there is any violence ongoing in a family. However, American Academy of Family Physicians (2009), explains family violence as the â€Å"intentional intimidation or abuse of children, adults or elders by a family member, intimate partner or caretaker to gain power and control over the victim.† While the first definition mostly emphasizes on action, the second one stresses on intention. This adds to the complexity by highlighting the fact that family violence can take place even without the knowledge of most of the members in a family (Lau et al., 1999). For example, a father may find spanking as an effective tool to intimidate his daughter, and may intentionally does that off and on, which may not be considered as violence by her mother or other members of that family and thus such practice might continue to ruin the victim’s future. This is very much possible, since many acts are considered as â€Å"socially accepted violence†, such as spanking, and which are not considered as â€Å"abusive violence,† which according to the researchers an â€Å"act which has a high potential for injuring the person being hit† (Straus et al, 1980, pp. 21-22). The above state of affairs shows that there is much ambiguity in pinpointing family violence which in turn points at the fact that how difficult it could be to redress it or to eliminate its occurrence. This signifies the importance of spreading awareness about the damaging potential of family violence and promoting the adoption of behavioral processes that can effectively eliminate such occurrences in a family. For example, encouraging parents to abstain from using corporal punishment to their children could be a way to lessen the instances of child abuse – because the intention behind corporal punishment, i.e., to cause pain but not injury for purposes of coercion and control (Strauss et al., 1980) may be lost with raised temper and loss of control. In all, any injury has the potential to leave a scar on human mind and thus can considerably influence the actions of the victims, which may create further problems to the society. It is from this angle, the hidden niches of family violence need to be identified and redressed, and from that perspective, humans have to go through complex discussions and debates in way of finding its solution. It is not that family violence is a new phenomenon of the society, since instances of it are spread all over in the literature of all times, and earning several sobriquets in different periods, like â€Å"battered child syndrome† (Kempe et al., 1962), â€Å"granny bashing† (Burston, 1975) or â€Å"battered woman† (Walker, 1979). Therefore, it is the pressing lifestyle of modern times have given it some more dimensions and accordingly, the educated minds of modern times are trying to deeply investigate its root as well as its intrinsic effects on human mind. Consequently, the perception about family violence is also gradually changing, where the earlier concept of focusing on the violence on women, children as the potential victims is making way to a newer concept that includes all humans and considers any act detrimental to human development as family violence (Pleck, 1987). Conclusion The apparent complexity in defining or determining family is actually an outcome of the honest search of the researchers that has brought forth many hidden niches of family violence. This is the right process, because the more the mechanism of family becomes clear before all, the more humans will be able to eradicate it and move towards a prosperous and happy future. References American Academy of Family Physicians. (2009). Family and intimate partner violence and abuse. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/f/familyandintimatepartner-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   violenceandabuse.html Burston, G. R. (1975). Granny battering. British Medical Journal, 3, 592. Kemple, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemullar, W., and Silver, Hl. K.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1962). The battered-child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Association, 181, 105-112. Lau, J. T. F., Liu, J. L. Y., Tong, C. K., and Tan, P. M. E. H. (1999). Conceptualizations,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reporting and under-reporting of child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neglect, 23, 1159-1174 Lavesque, D. A., Velicer, W.F., Castle, P. H., and Greene, R. N. (2008). Violence against   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   women. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 158-164. Pleck, E. (1987). Domestic tyranny: The making of social policy against family violence from colonical times to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. (1980). Behind closed doors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence in American families. Doubleday, NewYork. Walker, L. E. (1979). The battered woman. New York: Harer Colophon Books.

Free Essays on OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is better known to most of the world as OPEC. But the average citizen knows little about the reasons OPEC impacts the world economy. OPEC is a group of eleven nations that sells petroleum on the world market. Oil producing nations in the 1960’s found that when they worked together they could exert control over the world oil prices. This was the beginnings of the oil cartel known as OPEC. The original OPEC members included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today currently eleven nations are OPEC members; accounting for almost 40% of world oil production and about 2/3 of the world's proven oil reserves. (OPEC Brief) A cartel attempts to support prices higher than they would be under more competitive conditions thus increasing profits of its members. (Carbaugh) They are able to do this by restricting competition among competing nations using production quotas. Before the formation of OPEC oil producing nations behaved like individual competitors, each nation afraid to raise their prices in fear that the other nations would not do the same and the nation that raised their prices would lose its sells. Even though there are still some minor problems and differences between oil production members, OPEC has managed to be the most successful cartel in history. For a cartel to be successful its members must control a very large share of the world market and should agree on a common set of prices on their product. (Carbaugh) In the 1960’s the price of oil was three dollars a barrel. In the early 70’s prices begin to rise as the cartel began to work together. Since that time oil prices have never been the same. Most cartels have a hard time overcoming the difficulties that are associated with cartels. OPEC has suffered from some of the same problems. Some of the problems include: Number of sellers: as the members number increase, the harder it becomes it is to form a ca... Free Essays on OPEC Free Essays on OPEC The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is better known to most of the world as OPEC. But the average citizen knows little about the reasons OPEC impacts the world economy. OPEC is a group of eleven nations that sells petroleum on the world market. Oil producing nations in the 1960’s found that when they worked together they could exert control over the world oil prices. This was the beginnings of the oil cartel known as OPEC. The original OPEC members included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today currently eleven nations are OPEC members; accounting for almost 40% of world oil production and about 2/3 of the world's proven oil reserves. (OPEC Brief) A cartel attempts to support prices higher than they would be under more competitive conditions thus increasing profits of its members. (Carbaugh) They are able to do this by restricting competition among competing nations using production quotas. Before the formation of OPEC oil producing nations behaved like individual competitors, each nation afraid to raise their prices in fear that the other nations would not do the same and the nation that raised their prices would lose its sells. Even though there are still some minor problems and differences between oil production members, OPEC has managed to be the most successful cartel in history. For a cartel to be successful its members must control a very large share of the world market and should agree on a common set of prices on their product. (Carbaugh) In the 1960’s the price of oil was three dollars a barrel. In the early 70’s prices begin to rise as the cartel began to work together. Since that time oil prices have never been the same. Most cartels have a hard time overcoming the difficulties that are associated with cartels. OPEC has suffered from some of the same problems. Some of the problems include: Number of sellers: as the members number increase, the harder it becomes it is to form a ca...

Analytical Essay Sample on “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka

Analytical Essay Sample on â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka In the Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor the main character goes through a series of mental changes, that symbolize how alienated he becomes from the humans of the modern world. Through the metamorphosis Gregor becomes more aware of what he wants and what he needs instead of what he needs to do for other.The metamorphosis also symbolizes the mental change Gregor goes through, as by not acting as much as a human than what he did before. Gregor’s radical change of mind is boosted by the events that take place about all the lies that he was told about his family’s financial problems. Thus causing a loss of caring for his family and a feeling of individuality. Which all start to alienate him from his family and the rest of human society.Through the metamorphosis Gregor becomes more aware of what he needs and not what others need him to do. Throughout most of the story Gregor lives a life of serving and not receiving anything for his troubles. A lif e of servitude caused by his family who becomes in debt because of bad economic decisions. Gregor is asked to help but he feels that it is his responsibility to pay the debt his family has and his father decide to take advantage of this. Gregor hated his job, â€Å"Oh God, he thought, what a grueling job I’ve picked. Day in day out on the road. The torture of traveling worrying about changing trains and eating miserable food (1157)†. But because of the responsibility he felt towards his family he would endure it. He realized how he was treated â€Å" he was a tool of his boss without brain or a backbone (1161) † and yet said nothing and just would take it as if he where actually an insect working for the queen with out saying anything. He could see and knew that he could leave his job and that his family and his boss poorly treated him. While working he would see other salesmen and see how easy their jobs where compared to his. Slowly but surely Gregor becomes aware on how he not cared for or not taken into consideration what he needs more than others.Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes how he becomes less human day after day, ignoring his needs to becoming a person who simply does not care anymore. In the beginning of the story Gregor wakes in the morning complaining to himself that he needs more sleep. â€Å" This getting up so early thought makes anyone a complete idiot (1157)†. Through this quote Gregor demonstrates how uneasy he is with his daily routine.As well as how he wants it all to change but yet does nothing about it. He compares himself with other salesmen who a just starting to have their breakfast, when he is returning to do a check in. Gregor sees how well of he could be but ignores his feeling to appease with his family. Gregor begins to speak to himself about leaving and doing what he wants but just ignores the feeling and the desire to do off with the job that he hates so much.  "Well I havent given up hope completely, once I’ve gotten the money to pay of f my parents debt to him, that will probably take another five or six years. (1157)†. Through this quote Gregor talks about leaving the job and doing off with his mean boss. He knows that his job is doing him bad and needs to get another, but feels the need to help his family more than help himself. Towards the end of the novella Gregor begins to ignore his needs and go on with life till he sort of has a mental breakdown, in which he believes that he is a bug. And he begins to act like one. Gregor goes through the change of caring about things to not caring what he needs. This changes him drastically. Gregor metamorphosis symbolizes another change in which he becomes more distant from his family through discovering all the lies that his family had told him about not having any money. The reason he worked so hard and it was all for a lie, when his family did have money all saved up, just that t hey wanted more. He becomes les human like and decides to keep to himself because he is probably really hurt. The change the change that he goes threw in the metamorphosis change is mainly shown when he becomes less human and dependent on his family instead of his family being dependent of him. In the beginning he is the one that is supporting the family and works hard everyday to provide, but towards he end he goes threw a mental imbalance that make him incapable of working forcing that family to start caring and working for themselves. Gregor is less human like because he becomes unable to help himself making him depart farther and farther away from the human society. â€Å"The rotten apple in his back and the inflamed area around it, which where completely covered with fluffy dust, already hardly bothered him† (1188). Through this quote we see that the longer he begins to think that he is a bug the less he is caring about his well being. It no longer bothers him that he is dirty and that it begins to seem normal to him. This shows how farther away he is drifting from the human society, because like a normal human he would not like to be dirty if he knew that he could do something about it. He no longer sees what he needs or wants, as well as what is good for him. He just exists in his own mind as a bug that is just there.Gregors distancing from his family made him a bit less human since he did not want to interact with them.In conclusion from the beginning of the book towards the ends Gregors metamorphosis has been a symbol of how Gregor has become distant from the human society and how he has become less human himself. Like in the begging of the book he was a person concerned with the welfare of others and worked hard to help them. But towards the end he became a bit retarded by believing that he was a bug and started to accept his surrounding and start acting like one. He became less concerned with his well being and that of those around him, but j ust did not care any more, just wanted to do nothing. He was not concerned with what he could do to help himself but just be there. The more Gregor went through his metamorphosis the less human like he became. Thus separating him from the rest of the human society and, causing him no to want to interact with his family as well as anyone else that he came in contact with, which caused his ultimate demise.

Jacobsons Organ and the Sixth Sense

Jacobson's Organ and the Sixth Sense Humans are equipped with five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Animals possess several extra senses, including altered vision and hearing, echolocation, electric and/or magnetic field detection, and supplementary chemical detection senses. In addition to taste and smell, most vertebrates use Jacobsons organ (also termed the vomeronasal organ and vomeronasal pit) to detect trace quantities of chemicals. Jacobson's Organ While snakes and other reptiles flick substances into Jacobsons organ with their tongues, several mammals (e.g., cats) exhibit the Flehmen reaction. When Flehmening, an animal appears to sneer as it curls its upper lip to better expose the twin vomeronasal organs for chemical sensing. In mammals, Jacobsons organ is used not simply to identify minute quantities of chemicals, but also for subtle communication between other members of the same species, through the emission and reception of chemical signals called pheromones. L. Jacobson In the 1800s, Danish physician L. Jacobson detected structures in a patients nose that became termed Jacobsons organ (although the organ was actually first reported in humans by F. Ruysch in 1703). Since its discovery, comparisons of human and animal embryos led scientists to conclude that Jacobsons organ in humans corresponded to the pits in snakes and vomeronasal organs in other mammals, but the organ was thought to be vestigial (no longer functional) in humans. While humans dont display the Flehmen reaction, recent studies have demonstrated that Jacobsons organ functions as in other mammals to detect pheromones and to sample low concentrations of certain non-human chemicals in the air. There are indications that Jacobsons organ may be stimulated in pregnant women, perhaps partially accounting for an improved sense of smell during pregnancy and possibly implicated in morning sickness. Since extra-sensory perception or ESP is awareness of the world beyond the senses, it would be inappropriate to term this sixth sense extrasensory. After all, the vomeronasal organ connects to the amygdala of the brain and relays information about the surroundings in essentially the same manner as any other sense. Like ESP, however, the sixth sense remains somewhat elusive and hard to describe.

Urban Housing Reforms and Urban Blight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urban Housing Reforms and Urban Blight - Essay Example Cultural groups overran areas that were under urban development reforms in an effort to enjoy imminent benefits like reasonably priced houses (Aoki, 1992). For example, the aftermath of the First World War saw a profound inflow of African Americans from the south. This influx led to troubles of the â€Å"metabolism† of urban housing reform and population distribution (Pritchett, 2003). The dumbbell tenement is another example of urban blight in the form of a product of urban design reform. The vast arrival of communities resulted in the acceleration of the â€Å"junking† procedure in the field of deterioration. Reform supporters never built a systematic procedure by which to ascertain the positive impacts of the reforms. One example is the presented of outmoded contracts in many urban development councils. Similar to the private sector, urban design reform integrated control and imposed order on surrounding environs. Another example is the burdensome structure of checks and balances that reform supporters did not abandon. This system of transacting fostered fraudulence, corruption, overstated taxes, and election rigging. From this point of new, an urban blight in late nineteenth century America was not just a naturally happening procedure. Urban housing reforms of the late 1800s in the end contributed to urban blight. The loss of interest in the greater good by landowners, migration influxes, the invasion of urban areas by ethnic groups, and the lack of a systematic process contributed to urban blight.

Researched Thematic Analysis All in the Timing by David Ives Essay

Researched Thematic Analysis All in the Timing by David Ives - Essay Example too Also significant to remember is that it there are usually several themes in an artistic work, all tightly woven together and inter-related--some minor--some major. David Ives (b. 1950) attended Northwestern University where he began writing plays. He produced his first play, Canvas, in New York City with the Circle Repertory Company. He later took on a job as an editor of Foreign Affairs and eventually studied drama at Yale University's School of Drama, where he received his MFA. He is known for many successful plays including, All in the Timing, Words, Words, Words, Sure Thing, and Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread. His latest play, Don Juan in Chicago, received the Outer Critic's Circle's John Gassner Playwriting Award and a Drama Desk nomination for outstanding play. Ives also received the 1994 George and Elizabeth Martin David Ives' All in the Timing is a contradictory and even absurd comedy encompassing six acts. The first selection is entitled Sure Thing. It is a chronicle of the possibilities that exist when two people try to have a cup of coffee together. It starts with the question "is that seat taken" with responses starting with "yes, I'm waiting for someone" to "no, have a seat." It takes a few moments to become comfortable with the switching of scenes but it is eerily mesmerizing to watch the scene unfold and recognize that you yourself have been in that exact position. (Samudrala ||, 2005) The second selection, Trotsky, is about Leon Trotsky. He has a mountain climber's axe smashed/buried into his skull by his communist gardener, Ramon, the day before, yet he remembers nothing. His ice pick phobia is the focus of this act, but it is the mountain climber's axe that does him in. The weird part (yes, something weirder that an ice pick fetish) is that his wife comes in the room with an encyclopedia from the 1990s (the play is set in 1940s) to inform him that the book says he is going to die today. The third selection, Philadelphia, is interesting. It takes place in a coffee shop where the various inhabitants are stuck in different "cities" or states of mind. The person in a Los Angeles is perpetually carefree and doesn't get upset that his wife left him, or that he just lost his job. The person in a Chicago feels worse than dead, and the person in a Philadelphia gets exactly the opposite of what he asks for. The person in the Los Angeles explains everything to the person in the Philadelphia so he finally learns to ask for the opposite of what he wants. Unfortunately, the person in the Los Angeles gets sucked into the other person's Philadelphia and he finally feels the pain of losing his job and wife.The fourth selection is called English Made Simple. It involves a man and a woman at a party who are demonstrating language for the labcoat-wearing-maybe-psychologist person also on stage. Sure Thing, when a variety of possible outcomes were presented. (Schmidt, 205) The fifth selection is called Words, Words, Words. It is a bizarre look into the lives of three monkeys

Managing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing across culture - Essay Example Being the Management Consultant for the telecommunications company which is planning to take its business to the international level and market; it becomes very important to make a thorough study about the available literatures on the different challenges that a company faces on a foreign soil and make recommendations accordingly. During the initial study, the team has found a number of possible challenges that could pose a threat to the smooth internationalisation of the company. Among the several challenges â€Å"culture shock and poor adjustment† seems to have the greater potential for disturbing the smooth internationalisation of the company. The first part or Part One of this research paper discusses the different available literatures and their observations. 1.2: Definition of â€Å"Culture† According to Adler (2008) culture can be defined as an integrated system of behavior among the human beings which takes into consideration the thoughts, beliefs, languages, co mmunications, customs and values, mannerisms of ethnic, religious, racial or social groups of people and the ability of those very people in conveying the same attitude their succeeding generations. Thus, a lot of elements joins together to form a specific culture for a group of people. From the very elements, it could be understood that culture is not a day’s process or a matter of a few months but instead culmination of habits and attitudes over a prolonged period of time and as result of multiple behavioral elements or factors (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). 1.3: Relation between Culture and Working Attitude According to the study and observations made by Berry, et al (2002) a human being is highly influenced by the culture to which he or she has been raised up in. As observed by Browaeys and Price (2008), culture is a system of behavior consisting of varied elements that shapes up their life and other activities associated with their lives. The culture of an individual affe cts the psychology, that is, the thought process. The psychology in turn decides the behavior, attitude and goal of an individual’s life, the likes and dislikes, and even most importantly, their working attitude. The findings of Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) in their study indicate this very fact. An individual is highly influenced by the culture to which he or she belongs. It is so because it impacts an individual from a very tender age, during the very basic years of an individual when one’s beliefs, emotions, outlook and attitude is at the nascent stage. Culture moulds the attitude of an individual at every stage, when an individual forms their attitudes towards their family, education and institutional life, their personal circles, and their attitude towards work. Culture has a greater role to play in shaping the attitude towards work of an individual. Burnes (2000) observe that different cultural factors have been influencing the communication skills and practices of the individuals in the workplace and working atmosphere for a long time. The perception of work and work pressure is also dependent on an individual’s attitude towards work. For instance, one who has been surrounded by a strong working culture will be highly motivated to work hard, turn the most impossible task into reality, the individual will not give up in any case. On the other hand an individual who has been experiencing a lethargic working culture w

Strategy Forumlation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy Forumlation - Research Paper Example Such a mission tends to be at the retailer’s core of existence. Additionally, there is a possibility of variance in other retail strategy, over time it’s paramount to analyze objectives regarding the context of the intended market, identify possible options, obtain and perform resources allocation, and generate implementation plan. It is also important to monitor progress, as well as performing the necessary controls (Girijesh, 2009). While defining purpose or mission of the organization, the retailer presents what he/she intends to accomplish; the purpose should concentrate on the chosen markets within which the retailer intends to operate. Other aspects of concerns regard the commodities to be offered, the target customers, and the geographical location of the organization. Consequently, a situation analysis should be conducted, where the retailer, inwardly seeks to understand the strengths, as well as the weaknesses of the organization (Girijesh, 2009). Outwardly, the retailer should analyze the existing opportunities as well as threats. Such analysis assists in determining the firm’s position strengths, and weaknesses. It is also profound to put into consideration all available alternatives, which would help the retailer tap a given market. Such alternatives include: diversification, market penetration, retail format development, or market development. The two significant aspects of retailers include the market performance as well as the financial performance. While setting the objectives, one has to bear in mind, the market share, profitability targets, sales volume target, returns on investment, and liquidity targets. The resources required by a retailer include the financial resources and human resources. Human resource should reflect consistency with the organization’s overall strategy. The human resource focuses on selecting, recruiting, training, motivating, and

Turning patients every 2 hours Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turning patients every 2 hours - Article Example In relation to the outcome of the article, it can be viewed that the professional behavior of the nurses having degree is more evidence oriented in comparison with those nurses who do not possess any degree. Furthermore, the article also validated that evidence-oriented nursing practices probably occur in those organizations wherein nurses have better access towards revealing valuable information and also have superior prospects towards working with different sorts of advanced technologies. Ultimately, the findings of the article highlighted the fact that in healthcare field, there lays the requirement of conducting evidence based practices for better performance (Eizenberg, 2010). Implication of the Findings The outcome which has been gathered from the article implies that evidence-based nursing has become quite important especially in healthcare profession for enhancing the quality of services by a certain degree. Besides, from reviewing the article, it can be viewed that the adopt ion as well as the execution of evidence-based nursing is dependent on several variables that comprise professional context of nurses and the availability of resources among others. With respect to the professional context, the article revealed that there pertain a significant interrelation between nurses’ role such as managerial and non-managerial activities and evidence- based learning. Hence, it signifies that organizations need to employ nurses who possess adequate skills for managing different managerial and non-managerial activities within different healthcare organizations. Furthermore, the article also represented that the nurses who have professional degree have higher tendency to study different research articles applying them in conducting various sorts of nursing practices. It signifies the fact that professional background can influence the behavior of nurses toward performing more evidence-based practices in organizations. Furthermore, the findings of the articl e also depict that professional works are also associated with evidence oriented nursing practices at large (Eizenberg, 2010). One of the effective implications of the findings relating to the selected article can be apparently observed as the prevalence of the significant affiliation between accessibility of resources and evidence-based nursing practices within various healthcare organizations. Availability of resources in this context generally includes the opportunities to find different educational materials in the place of work. This signifies that in order to enhance the evidence based practices, healthcare organizations must enhance the access of information through providing the facilities such as library, information system and internet among others. Organizations that support these initiatives can enjoy higher evidence-based nursing practices (Eizenberg, 2010). The findings of the article reveal that there are several factors which can help to facilitate the use of evidenc e-based nursing practices by a greater degree. One of the factors might comprise providing support to the nurses about use of different resources for enhancing the effectiveness of services. The sources of knowledge also play a vital part in the adoption along with the implementation of evidence-based

Strategy Forumlation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy Forumlation - Research Paper Example Such a mission tends to be at the retailer’s core of existence. Additionally, there is a possibility of variance in other retail strategy, over time it’s paramount to analyze objectives regarding the context of the intended market, identify possible options, obtain and perform resources allocation, and generate implementation plan. It is also important to monitor progress, as well as performing the necessary controls (Girijesh, 2009). While defining purpose or mission of the organization, the retailer presents what he/she intends to accomplish; the purpose should concentrate on the chosen markets within which the retailer intends to operate. Other aspects of concerns regard the commodities to be offered, the target customers, and the geographical location of the organization. Consequently, a situation analysis should be conducted, where the retailer, inwardly seeks to understand the strengths, as well as the weaknesses of the organization (Girijesh, 2009). Outwardly, the retailer should analyze the existing opportunities as well as threats. Such analysis assists in determining the firm’s position strengths, and weaknesses. It is also profound to put into consideration all available alternatives, which would help the retailer tap a given market. Such alternatives include: diversification, market penetration, retail format development, or market development. The two significant aspects of retailers include the market performance as well as the financial performance. While setting the objectives, one has to bear in mind, the market share, profitability targets, sales volume target, returns on investment, and liquidity targets. The resources required by a retailer include the financial resources and human resources. Human resource should reflect consistency with the organization’s overall strategy. The human resource focuses on selecting, recruiting, training, motivating, and

Religon Buddhism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religon Buddhism - Term Paper Example The discourse would initially proffer a brief historical background of Buddhism, prior to determining its common practices and core beliefs. Likewise, the paper would present a personal experience visiting Buddhists’ place of worship and to relay the responses from a devotee’s point of view. History Diverse research literatures have expressed different views on the exact origin of Buddhism. There are studies tracing the roots of Buddhism from the Indus Valley civilization and the Aryans (A View on Buddhism, 2006, pars. 1 & 2). In a website About Buddhism (2007), its history indicates that â€Å"the founder of Buddhism in this world is Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born as a royal prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini, which was originally in northern India but is now part of Nepal† (About Buddhism, 2007, par. 1). Likewise, History World (n.d.) identified Nepal as Buddhism’s point of origin, with Siddhartha Gautama, a Nepal prince, â€Å"follows an asceti c life for six years before deciding that a middle path between mortification and indulgence of the body will provide the best hope of achieving enlightenment. He resolves to meditate, in moderate comfort, until he sees the light of truth. One evening he sits under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, a village in Bihar. By dawn he is literally buddha, an 'enlightened one'. Like any other religious leader he begins to gather disciples. He becomes known to his followers as the Buddha† (History World, n.d., 1). Common Practices Buddhism reveals three common trainings or practices consisting of sila (â€Å"virtue, good conduct, morality†); samadhi (â€Å"concentration, meditation, mental development†); and prajna (â€Å"discernment, insight, wisdom, enlightenment† (Robinson, 2009). As averred by Robinson (2009), the practice of sila was premised on the principles of equality and reciprocity. Devotees are taught to acknowledge equality in stature of all living things a nd to practice, what is commonly known as the Golden Rule. The underlying idea for this practice is self-preservation. No one wants harm to be inflicted upon oneself. If everyone adheres to this principle, ultimately, no harm befalls mankind – the good of all is preserved. By this, an individual treats everyone else with respect, grace and concern. This in turn, develops good relationship to others, consistent with their belief in karma. Core Beliefs The core beliefs of Buddhism centers on reincarnation, on diverse cycles of rebirth, karma, and on Nirvana, or the state of being free and liberated from suffering (Robinson, 2009). They also believe in Four Noble Truths, the Five Precepts, and the Eightfold Path, among others. These beliefs focus on respect for all living things, ending suffering through the eightfold path, and following commandments which are almost synonymous with the Catholic’s Ten Commandments, specifically highlighting avoiding killing, stealing, tel ling lies, misusing sex and consuming liquor or drugs, among others. Worship Visit There is a Buddhist temple in Knost Drive, Mims, Florida known as the White Sands Buddhist Center. It rests on a 16-acre peaceful and beautiful land very near the Atlantic Ocean. There is complete serenity, simplicity and cleanliness in the worship place – a conducive environment for meditation and reflection, of seeking inner peace and enlightenment. The monastery’s ceremonial hall serves as a worship place for devotees. The statue of Buddha is strategically located

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Example for Free

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Marcus Ang is a member from the field sales section. His sales performance in the recent months has been below target in contrast to his outstanding sales in the past years. Marcus blames it on the poor economic situation, however the other sales staff seem to able meet their target. How should Madam May May attribute Marcus’s performance? First of all, Madam May May has to know about what happened to Marcus. What causes him to blame the poor economic situation while the other sales staff still be able to meet their target. As we learn from the organization behavior, we know that employee’s behavior will affect the performance of an organization. According to Fritz Heider and H.H. Kelly, they stated that people’s behavior is affected by internal and external factors. On the other hand, Kelley’s attribution theory refers to three types of factors which are distinctiveness, consensus and consistency. Distinctiveness is about whether the subordinate’s behavior occur during the performance of this task only? Next, consensus is like whether this behavior unusual for the subordinate’s peers? Then, consistency is about if this behavior unusual for the subordinate in other situations? In this situation, Madam May May should first consider about the factor of consensus. As Marcus cannot be able to hit the target while other are able to reach their target. Next Madam May May should consider about locus of control dimension, which mean whether the primary cause of the behavior is a characteristic of the subordinate, or a characteristic of the situation. Second ,stability dimension whether the subordinate is likely to remain stable or unstable? The crossing of the locus of control and stability dimensions produces four casual factor that a leader can utilize to explain a subordinate’s behavior, ability , task difficulty , luck ,chance, effort.

Effects of Caffeinated Beverages on Attention Performance

Effects of Caffeinated Beverages on Attention Performance Caffeinated Beverages and their Effects on Attention Performance Tasks Cory Jones Methodology As per the requirements of the study, we will try to understand how the consumptions of energy caffeinated drinks affect the Attention Task performance for participants. We will conduct this test on 20 participants (10 male and 10 female) selected randomly from the University of Michigan- Flint campus. Since the participants in the experiment will be college students, we expect them to be within the age range of 18-25 years. From the initial group, participants will be screened to meet the requirements of the test. The selected 20 participants will be asked to take the Conner’s Continuous Performance Task (Conners, 2004). The Continuous performance test is considered one of the best ways to measure attention and vigilance behavior of participants. This test is also used to identify patients with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. The Continuous Performance Task measures the attention and impulsivity level of the participants. In this particular experiment we will use the computerized version of the Conner’s Continuous Performance Test III. We will use 20 computers and run this test twice to ensure all participants undergo the process. In this version of the test letters of the alphabet are presented in front of the participants for 250ms, the respondent will be instructed to press the keyboard every time they see the letter ‘X’. There will be six blocks for this test; each of these blocks will contain three sub blocks with 20 letters in them. Therefore there will be eighteen sub blocks and the inter stimulus intervals (ISI) for each sub block will vary from 1-4 seconds, so that the participants will not get used to the pattern of the test. The order of the ISI will be mixed and participants will have no inkling about the order in which the letters will appear. The letters presented to the participants will be large and approximately 1 inch in size. The instructor will ask all participa nts to read through the test procedure on the computer screen. A small trial of 20 letters will run twice to help participants get used to the procedure. The test will take approximately 15 minutes per participant; therefore we will collect the baseline data for 60 participants in one hour. In the next phase of the experiment, the participants will be asked to consume 300ml of a caffeinated energy drink that will be given in an unmarked opaque plastic cup. Participants will be given the drinks separately, so that they do not discuss or try to guess the contents of the drink. 30 minutes after consumption of the caffeinated drinks the participants will be again asked to take the Conner’s Continuous Performance test. All subjects will be paid for participating in the experiment. The data collected from the 60 participants will be on two aspects, the test performance score on Inattentiveness and omission, and reaction times. The data collected will be the dependent variable, while the presence or absence of caffeine in the system will be the independent variable or the repeated measures for the related groups. Analysis We will first run normality tests on the data obtained from the study using IBM SPSS v 22 software. Since the sample size is above 50, we will use the Shapiro Wilk test to understand the distribution of the data since we have sample size of less than 50 individuals. If the data has a single peak, we will use parametric tests like paired sample T-test or repeated measures ANOVA to see how the test scores differ between the two conditions. On the other hand, if the data is not normally distributed, we will use Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to see if there is a difference between the attention performances scores before and after caffeine consumption from the baseline. Participant screening The participants will be asked to fill up an information questionnaire; they will be selected based on the results of the questionnaire. Participants who have a history of psychological disorders and who are presently or have in the last few months consumed psychotropic medication or medication that affects CNS will be excluded. Participants, who have a familial history of violence, domestic abuse, divorce or mental disorders, will also be excluded. Participants will be asked if they are presently feeling depressed or stressed due to any circumstances, those who respond in the affirmative will be removed from the experiment. The remaining participants will be asked to stay away from alcohol or caffeine (tea, coffee, chocolates, ice cream etc.) for 48 hours and the experiment will be performed on the second day of screening. This will be done because serum caffeine has a half-life of 5-6 hours (Statland Demas, 1980). All participants will be asked to consume the same recipe of salad and water before appearing for the experiment. On the day of the experiment participants will be allowed to ease into the experiment setup for 5 minutes and after a brief instruction video the study will commence. Data Collection The responses of the participants will be measured in terms of accuracy and response times. Accuracy will be measured in the percentage of ‘X’ detected vs. presented, so the participants will be exposed to different number of ‘X’s at each computer in both trials. The reaction time will be automatically measured by the computer in milliseconds. Data will be generated for each of the 20 partcipants, which will be presented in the form shown in figure 1 and figure 2. The numerical scores as shown in figure 1 will be copied into SPSS software and exploratory and frequentist statistical analyses will be run. Hypothesis For this experiment, we hypothesize that the caffeine trials will improve the test performance of the participants (n=20). The null Hypothesis for this study (Ho) is that there will be no significant difference in test performance between the two trials. Predictions Over the course of years, a number of studies have tried to ascertain the effects on caffeine on bodily functions. Studies show that in subjects exposed to small amounts of caffeine, the level of alertness increased(Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, Roehrs, Lipschutz, Timms, Roth, 1990). Various other studies also looked at the effects of caffeine on the driving alertness of the subjects(Brice Smith, 2001). There is a significant corpus of literature that exists on the effects of caffeine on the alertness level of human subjects; however we plan to conduct the tests in a more controlled environment. Based on the existing literature review we can predict that the test group will show significant improvement in attention task performance compared to the control group. References Brice, C., Smith, A. (2001). The effects of caffeine on simulated driving, subjective alertness and sustained attention. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 16(7), 523–531. Conners, B. C. K. (2014). Conners ’ Continuous Performance Test III ( CPT III V . 5 ). Michael, N., Johns, M., Owen, C., Patterson, J. (2008). Effects of caffeine on alertness as measured by infrared reflectance oculography. Psychopharmacology, 200(2), 255–260. Statland, B. E., Demas, T. J. (1980). Serum caffeine half-lives. Healthy subjects vs. patients having alcoholic hepatic disease. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 73(3), 390–393. Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, A., Roehrs, T. A., Lipschutz, L., Timms, V., Roth, T. (1990). Effects of caffeine on alertness. Psychopharmacology, 100(1), 36–39. Supporting Information In the below figure we see that in a study by Michael, Johns, Owen, Patterson, (2008) it was found that the reaction time of participants treated with caffeine dropped within 30 minutes of consumption and stayed lower than the control group even 4 hours after the treatment. Therefore we can see that the caffeine increases alertness and reduces latency in behavior response times in subjects. Budget .

To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill a Mockingbird - Theme of Innocence       Innocence is a time when a person has never done something, it is the first step of the theme of innocence to experience. The second step in the movement from innocence to experience, is experience. This step is what is achieved after a person or thing has done something they have never done before or learns something they have never know before. The theme of growth from innocence to experience occurs many times in the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. This process is one of the central themes in the first eleven chapters of this book, because it shows how Scout and Jem change and mature.    In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, there are many great examples of Jem or Scout moving from innocence to experience. One of these is on page 24 when Scout learns the proper way to treat a guest. After Scout has a fight with Walter Cunningham, Jem invites him to dinner. During the meal, Scout watches Walter pour a lot of syrup on his food. Thinking it unusual, Scout inquired about why he was doing it. Her comment embarrasses Walter. Calpernia, the housekeeper, brings her into the kitchen and tells her that she should never comment on the ways of their guest's eating habits or otherwise. To drive home her point, Calpernia not only informs Scout of her mistake, she slaps her.    Prior to these events happening, Scout had never know that it was improper to make fun of or judge a guest of the house. In her innocence, she had never before realized this behavior was inappropriate. The hit as well as the scolding have removed her innocence. Scout is now very aware of her mistake. With her new experience, she will most likely never embarrass a house guest again. She has learned her lesson.    In my life I have also gone through many situations that have taken me across the threshold of innocence to experience. One example of this would be, that when I was young, I was unaware that leaning back in a chair was dangerous. This would be my innocence, but one day when I was leaning back, I fell to the ground and took off the skin on my chin.

Molecular Genetics: Catching the Criminal Using Electrophoresis

Introduction A sample of DNA found in a crime scene was provided along with five suspects. Their DNA was then processed using restriction enzymes and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. The objective of this lab was to match a criminals DNA to a crime scene using restriction enzymes EcoRI and Pstl with Agarose gel electrophoresis. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific base pair site recognized by the enzyme, which then turns one single strand of DNA into many fragmented strands of DNA.EcoRI recognizes and cuts the palindromic base pair sequence GATTC while Pstl recognizes and cuts the palindromic base pair sequence CTGCAG. Agarose gel electrophoreses separates these fragmented DNA by their size. The negatively charged DNA moves through the Agarose gel to the positively charged end of the gel. The smaller fragments move through the gel more quickly allowing a linear view of the fragmented DNA when the process is complete. Since each individuals DNA will be cut into different size fragmen ts when restriction enzymes are applied we can match one of the suspects to the crime scene DNA sample.This process enables an individual’s DNA to be matched, much like a fingerprint, to a sample of unknown DNA. Methods An enzyme mix of EcoRl and Pstl was added 10 microliters at a time to the crime scene sample and suspect samples one through five each containing 20 microliters of DNA. A new pipet was used for each transfer of the enzyme mix to ensure that there was no cross contamination of the suspects. To guarantee the enzyme reacts with the DNA the six samples mixed with enzyme were then centrifuged. You can read also King v CogdonThe samples were incubated at 37  ° C for 45 minutes, after incubation 5 microliters of dye were added to each sample. During this time an Agarose gel was cast using an 8 well comb. The Agarose gel was placed in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells at the cathode end and 275mL of electrophoresis buffer was added. In the first well 10 microliters of Hindlll DNA marker was added. This marker was provided dyed. In the following wells 20 microliters of each sample was added, Table 1 provides the lane information. The volts were set at 120 Volts and the sample was electrophoresed for 30 minutes.After the gel was electrophoresed it was transferred into a container and dyed with Fast Blast DNA stain so the DNA fragments could become visible to the eye. Results Figure 1 below shows the samples once they have been dyed. To the naked eye it would appear that the closest match to Lane 2 (the crime scene) would be Lane 4 (Suspect 2) but to verify this concl usion you need to calculate the size of the bands. To compare the samples the size of each marker band was measured from the well to the band in mm and graphed with the given size of each band as shown in Graph 1.In the first column of Table 2, Hindll size in base pairs was provided, to find the approximate size of the other samples the distance of each band was plugged in as an x-value to the y=-142x+13214 equation found using excel on the best fit line on Graph 1. Comparing the crime scene column to suspects one through five it was found that Suspect 3 was the criminal. His DNA fragments were of similar size and travelled a similar distance through the electrophoresis gel. Discussion- There is a pretty serious error with the calculations of size in base pairs as presented in Table 2.Some of the base pair lengths were found to be negative numbers which does not properly correlate to the proposed size of the bands. This error was most likely to have happened in the graphing of the m arker. In the results it was discussed that Suspect 3 is most likely to be the criminal but this result was found by disregarding the negative values. If the error was corrected and the correct size measurements were found the suspect found to be the criminal may have been different.Since the values for size had an error in them the criminal could not be positively identified. Conclusion- In this lab it was clear that pairing restriction enzymes with gel electrophoresis makes it possible to match a DNA sample to an individual. Applying the restriction enzyme cuts each DNA sequence into a unique size and amounts of fragments for each sample. This unique combination of sequences is what makes it possible to run the fragments through an electrophoresis gel that separates the fragments into a unique â€Å"fingerprint. Although a suspect was not properly identified to the crime scene sample, it is clear how it would be possible to identify a criminal. Table 1- This table lists each lane of the electrophoresis well and what sample was pipeted into it and how much of each sample in microliters. Lane one starts on the left hand of the well. Graph 1- The graph provides a scatter plot of the marker in lane 1, in a log scale, linear fit with a best fit line through it. The equation for slope found was y=-142x+13214.

The Broad Communications

The broad communications as methods of correspondence produces messages which are intended to achieve countless with the objective of expanding a benefit (as refered to in Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Because of the mass medias tremendous expansion all through society, Willinge, Touyz and Charles (2006), contend that it is likely the absolute most capable and compelling transmitter of the admired self-perception for females. In the past pictures of magnificence and gentility were generally depicted using craftsmanship, music and writing. However the media and its impact have radically changed and developed from that point forward, and it is the present print and electronic media that have gone under much feedback for their portrayal of the glorified self-perception (Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Johnson, Tobin and Steinberg (1989) express that the thin perfect self-perception which is depicted in the media is normally 15% underneath the normal weight of a ladies (as refered to in Hawkins, Richards, MacGranley and Stein, 2004). While Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann and Ahrens (1992) express that while the normal American ladies is in actuality getting heavier, the media pictures of ladies are to be sure getting more slender (as refered to in Cory and Burns, 2007). Thompson and Heinberg (1999) keep on adding to this contention. They express that lone 10% of ladies depicted on TV are overweight. This isn't a genuine portrayal of our general public today. Willinge et al (2006) states that 75% of individuals met trusted that the media advances slimness as a perfect to endeavor towards for ladies. Hawkins et al (2004) concur with these announcements and contend that while the media picture of ladies ends up more slender it is making the perfect body significantly more hard to accomplish and is making included weight ladies. Gordon (2008) keeps on noticing the media offer little decent variety in the depiction of ladies. In a report completed by Dove healthy skin about ‘genuine' ladies' demeanor towards the pictures appeared in the media, 75% of ladies expressed that they might want to see greater decent variety of ladies in the media. This included ladies of various shape, size and age (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott and D'Agostino, 2004). In later years the size zero pattern has been underlined and supported in numerous parts of Western culture. Willinge et al. (2006) states that females are urged to endeavor towards this picture, in spite of the fact that this perfect is at last extraordinary and hazardous and unattainable for most. Berel and Irving (1998) expressed in a report that female understudies revealed that the media connected the most weight on the possibility of slimness than some other source (as refered to in Robles, 2011). While Bedford and Johnson (2006) express that more youthful ladies are frequently more delicate to the multidimensional idea of the media and subsequently this regularly brings about diminished levels of control levels. McKinley and Hyde (1996) report that the media portray men and ladies in various structures which may add to the sexual externalization as talked about already. All through the media pictures that speak to men by and large focus all over and head, while pictures speaking to ladies tend to center around their body. McKinley and Hyde (1996) contend this is unmistakable all through every visual type of media, specifically music recordings, commercial and ladies' magazines. This accentuation on the thin romanticized self-perception frequently builds the sentiment sexual typification. They assert that proceeded with presentation to these pictures brings about numerous ladies wanting to change their appearance trying to ‘fit in'. Bessenoff (2006) claims that nonstop presentation to these pictures of the thin admired body in the media can have numerous negative consequences for ladies including; a reduction in selfesteem, melancholy and dietary problems. While McKinley and Hyde (1996) remark that one of the most noticeably bad impacts that rehashed introduction to the media can have on ladies is that of self externalization, that will be that ladies start to regard themselves as a body that is there for evalution. McKinley and Hyde (1996) concur with the conclusion from Bessenoff (2006) and keep on stating that this thus prompts a lessening in confidence and discouragement and most pessimistic scenario dietary problems.

Conflict Can Be Character Building Essay

â€Å"Conflict Can Be Character Building† â€Å"Character building† is such a common phrase and has become a cliche designed to put a positive spin on painful experiences. While it is true to say that conflict is an inevitable aspect of life, it is not true to say that it always results in â€Å"building† people. In fact in some cases it tragically destroys them. While novelists and filmmakers, in particular, build a plotline which neatly introduces conflict, complications and crisis points which always lead to a positive resolution, real life doesn’t work that way. Stand by Me neatly follows this pattern, while real life conflicts such as friendship rifts, religious rivalries and political unrest may never be resolved and destroy many lives. Rob Reiner’s Stand By Me portrays conflict through its narrator and protagonist’s reflections of an important journey he took when he was twelve. It was a journey that helped him confront some of his own internal conflicts regarding the loss of his brother, grief and his relationship with his grieving parents. It also explored the personal conflicts of his peer group and their own internal struggles as well as the conflict they had with family and a rival â€Å"gang†. While Gordy’s â€Å"victory† in finding the body and standing up to Ace is a crisis point in which he emerges as a hero, we are aware that there are still conflicts that have been overlooked in the focus on the one experience. The other characters are glossed over as they return to their unhappy and dysfunctional homes and so too is the fact that the threat of retribution from their rivals. The film is tied up with a content Gordy who conveniently became the writer his older brother always told him he was, had a nice home and happy relationship with his own son and has memories of â€Å"friendship† to cherish. But we need to focus on the most tragic conflict from which his friend Chris does not survive. â€Å"He was stabbed in the throat; he died almost instantly. Although I hadn’t seen him for more than 10 years, I know I’ll miss him forever.† Group conflict is a reality most of us experience on a regular basis.It comes in many forms.It can be about friendship groups, family feuds, school or institutional authority, gang supremacy, sporting, political, religious or racial rivalries in the extreme state of outright war. Individuals and  groups do clash. Sometimes the conflicts are accepted as differences that will never change while other times they ignite violent reactions. Even bullying is seen as a conflict and for those who are truly affected by bullying and inturn suffer a life long struggle with mental health and self esteem-these people do not ‘build character’ whatever person they were has been destroyed. Instead of the polite, outgoing person-a new, changed character has come about and with it is drugs, self harm and eating disorders. Australia has seen many refugees and asylum seekers risking life and limb to reach our shores in an effort to escape conflict. We know that may of them don’t make it – many losing lives at sea and others scarred by the trauma of loss and their journeys. Our community has opened itself to many of the â€Å"lucky† ones who do make it here and yet they will tell you that the conflict in their lives haven’t â€Å"built† them but harmed them. Some have confessed that they will never recover, haunted by their experiences every day is a struggle. They don’t look back and say they are glad for the conflict as it gave them an opportunity to â€Å"build character†. Many people fear conflict with others but fail to consider the harm internal conflict has on them. There is an acceptance in dealing with or being concerned about conflict with others and internal conflicts still seem to be an issue most people are ashamed to acknowledge, much less discuss. True to its name they keep it all internal and wage a struggle on the inside.Internal conflict leads many to suffer silently on a daily basis and rather than build their character it can absolutely warp them and even break them. Depression, substance abuse (drugs and alcohol) as well as self harm, risky behaviours and suicide are all results of internal struggles that have not ended in â€Å"building† but instead ruining character. â€Å"Dealing with one young person’s sexual orientation was such an internal conflict that he turned to drugs and ended up a completely different personality who sadly overdosed. Friends and family just couldn’t understand why it ended so tragically.†- It is not an uncommon story. Character building happens in many ways. Ultimately, It happens through experience, growth, education, love, relationships, travel and support – to name a few. It is wrong to assume that true character growth can only happen  with painful experiences and conflicts. It may be the case that sometimes a conflict teaches us a great deal and can contribute another layer to our character, but it is also more often the case that conflict can start a chain of events that ends in tragedy and has a destructive effect on an individual or groups of people which can even reverberate for generations.

Does Economical Crisis Effect Consumer Behavior Dissertation

Does Economical Crisis Effect Consumer Behavior - Dissertation Example This study will greatly benefit different parties for instance; current investors, potential investors, scholars, the government and consumers themselves. The current players in these industries will be able to gain knowledge on how their products are faring in the market and with this they are able to develop strategies on how to improve their position. To scholars, this study will enable them to gain knowledge as well as understanding as to why luxury brands are still being purchased despite the economic crisis. The government will also gain a better understanding of the standards of living and with this develop suitable policies. For the potential investors, they are well-equipped to make decisions concerning venturing into such industries. Lastly, the study will also provide essential data.The ImpactAccording to Smith (2009), as most consumers struggle to fit in the economic crisis, most companies have realized the opportunity for capturing the changing consumers’ profile. This is by offering lower priced products, a strategy for continuity and winning consumers. Sullivane (2008) informs that new products should enter the market at low prices and be promoted through special offers or free samples. Not very long ago, luxury was beyond most people’s reach and it was mostly available to the elite. For example, Louis Vuitton was once renowned for making products solely for European aristocrats. Compare this to the current situation where its logo-ridden products are worn the world-over by teenagers.

Demonstration of the Value of Health, Safety and Environmental Essay

Demonstration of the Value of Health, Safety and Environmental Programs in Corporate Settings - Essay Example 75 million working days are lost because of on-job-hazards. $50 billion are given as compensation for injuries and deaths in organizations. $50 billion is spent on indirect costs like replacement, training and so on (Bohlander, 2004). On average $23,000 per serious accident- is the cost incurred by an employer in U.S.A. When a boiler explosion killed 6 workers at Ford's Rouge Power Plant, Ford was fined $1.5 million and directed to spend $6million on safety measures. The staggering number of work-related accidents is alarming. 6,026 U.S workers died recently in workplace incidents at work and 6.2 million suffered from workplace injuries and many go unreported. In 2004, 5,703 fatalities have been reported of which 1004 were due to contact with equipments,815 because of falls, 459 due to exposure to harmful substances and 159 due to fire and explosions. Organizations should ensure a safe work environment which protects employees from physical hazards, unhealthy situations and violence from other personal. This can be achieved by Safety and Health Programmes which strives to preserve the physical and emotional well-being of the employees. This is important because employees are the Human Resources of an organization who contribute towards organizational success. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was passed in 1970 to assure so far as possible every working woman and man in the Nation safe and healthy working conditions and to preserve human resources. The Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970 created (OSHA) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration within the Department of labour. The importance of such laws can be well documented by the statistical survey of Occupational hazards. In 2000, 5.7 million injuries were reported in private sector alone. 5,915 fatalities were reported in 2000 alone due to industrial injuries. The Occupational Safety and Health Act laws cover all the employers and their employees except a few federal governments, or states or political sub-divisions of a state. However, even in such cases, each federal agency is required to establish a Safety and Health program monitored by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. One of the key responsibilities of the Occupational Safety and Health administration has been the development of mandatory job safety and health standards, enforce these standards and monitor them. These standards have been classified into four categories. 1. General Industry 2. Maritime 3. Construction and 4. Agriculture. These standards cover the workplace, machinery, material, power sources, processing, protective measures, first aid and administrative requirements. The 'Federal Register' is the main source of information on proposed, adapted, amended and deleted OSHA standards. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has the power to set standards on its own account or on petition from other parties, namely, The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other bodies like state and local governments, nationality recognized standards organization, employer or labour representative can also initiate standard setting. The Secretary of labour is the person authorized by OSHA to conduct inspections of workplaces, to

The Market Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Market Education - Assignment Example This essay stresses that the market plays a major role in ensuring that the force of demand is equivalent to that of supply. In the case of museums, museum visits represent demand, while the number of available museums and museum services represent the supply. In a market, there is the aspect of price mechanism, which involves an interaction between the buyers and sellers, in order to determine the market price. Nonetheless, the market price is determined by the supply and demand in the market. Therefore, when prices rise, the demand falls, and when the prices fall, the demand rises. On the other hand, the market equilibrium price is achieved when there is a balance between the force of supply and that of demand. In this case, there results a balance in production and consumption of goods and services. Prices in a market economy can act as an incentive to entice buyers to purchase more goods. This report makes a conclusion that a demographic demand pattern for museum visits mainly depends on various aspects. First, the type of museum determines the type of visitors visiting it. The season also influences the nature of visits and types of visitors. For instance, Art museums might have many visitors, who are older, while science centers might receive visits from younger visitors. Furthermore, like art museums, historic sites and history museums might have older visitors. On the other hand, children museums are known to have the youngest visitors, as compared to art museums, history museums, and science centers.... Nonetheless, the entry fee to museums might be determined, depending on the level of demand. Therefore, at peak periods, when there are many tourists and domestic visitors, museums will increase their entry fees. 3. Museum Visits and Demographic Demand Pattern A demographic demand pattern for museum visits mainly depends on various aspects. First, the type of museum determines the type of visitors visiting it. Additionally, the season also influences the nature of visits and types of visitors. For instance, Art museums might have many visitors, who are older, while science centers might receive visits from younger visitors. Furthermore, like art museums, historic sites and history museums might have older visitors. On the other hand, children museums are known to have the youngest visitors, as compared to art museums, history museums, and science centers (Museum Audience Insight Web). 4. Shifts in Demand and Supply in Museum Visits Demand and supply with regard to museums is influenc ed by different factors. First, the national economy influences both the demand and supply of museum visits. During periods of recession, the amount of museum visits will decrease considerably (American Alliance of Museums Web). This is because, the purchasing power of consumers decrease, thus their spending on leisure and culture also decreases. The second aspect is that of entry or admission fee to museums. When the entry fee is increased, the demand will go down, but when the entry fee is lowered, the demand will increase, thus more museum visits. It can also be argued that the interest of people in their culture influences the demand in this market. The more interested people

Perception of the power of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perception of the power of language - Essay Example The power of language therefore depends on an individual’s perception which encompasses a collaboration of values, beliefs and experiences that person has encountered in one’s life. In this regard, the essay aims to proffer one’s personal perception of the power of language. By initially providing a definition of the term language, one would eventually delve into the role that language played in life. UniXL, an education and career information portal, defines language as â€Å"a system of communicating with other people using sounds, symbols and words in expressing a meaning, idea or thought. This language can be used in many forms, primarily through oral and written communications as well as using expressions through body language† (UniXL, par. 2). When differentiated with communication, per se, tool of verbal communication using words to express the message being relayed. Communication, per se, is defined as â€Å"â€Å"process of transmitting thoughts, feelings, facts, and other information† through verbal or non-verbal means (Delaune and Ladner. 475). Verbal messages are messages communicated with the use of words and language. These messages can either be spoken or written. Non verbal communication, on the other hand, is the process of transmitting messages without words, that is, through body language (Delaune and Ladner, 480). Mead (1934) averred that â€Å"language makes it possible to replace behavior with ideas. Non verbal communication in conjunction with social interaction assisted in the development of the human potentials of language† (87). Language for me has been recognized as a crucial tool to facilitate understanding. Aside from one’s native tongue, it has been inculcated that English, as the international language understood by majority of people around the world, should be embraced as a second language where skills must be honed, both in communication and in writing. Teachers in primary

Answer 3 questions about Early World History Essay

Answer 3 questions about Early World History - Essay Example These two societies were relatively egalitarian and full of barbaric laws. In terms of geographical factors, they lacked natural borders, materials, and experienced irregular flooding. I believe that intermittent natural flooding would result in stagnation as well as retardation in the plant growth which would eventually lead small harvest from the agricultural farms. They highly depended on foreign natural resources, meaning that they could not support their leadership from within. I believe that this affected their political systems due to external shocks originating from those societies or nations they relied upon for foreign support. They had a lot of cultural variations leading to political instability, and this is because the change in culture meant that they ended up having different cultural views and opinions, hence minimal unity among the society members. In these companies, they have a life where an individual lived for the moment. In other words what I mean is that they had no hopes for the future, and for this reason they could consume as well as exhaust all that they had for the purpose of maximizing their satisfaction. There are other factors that also led to the weak political unity in the two societies and these included gender roles and religious ideas and functions. For the case of sex roles, these communities lacked gender roles that got defined and well structured for the purpose. I believed that well defined and structured gender roles play significant roles towards the political unity of any society. I mean that, when a society has well-defined gender roles, the two gender of the society plays their distinct role, which exhibit forms of specialization and division of labor, leading to an increase in the general production. By specializing in gender roles, be it in agriculture or other economic

Un Unsung Hero Essay Example for Free

Un Unsung Hero Essay Everybody grew up with an idol to look up to; it was either an action figure, an actor/actress, a singer, a famous painter or just anybody they though they could relate and look up to. Growing up my mom used to read me fascinating stories about Ethiopia’s history but the one that stuck with me the most was the amazing story of Etege Taitu Bitul or also known as the wife of Emperor Menelik II. Etege Taitu Bitul was one of the most exceptional women in history, not just in Ethiopia but also in the world. The biggest war my country had faced was the colonial battle with Italy; Taitu played a crucial role in this war. She was responsible for a number of tactical and strategic level decisions in addition to actually leading her army into battle on more than one occasion. It’s not a hidden fact that women in 3rd world countries aren’t given as much opportunities as the men. Although I was fortunate enough to have educated parents who have given me the best they can, inequality amongst our genders has been and still is a visible hindering factor in our society. The respect of women in such a male dominant world didn’t stop Taitu. She held her own, commanded an army and played a crucial role in maintaining our countries independence. Ethiopia was the only country in Africa that was not colonized by a foreign nation and even helped other African countries to strive for their independence. For me it isn’t an action figure an actor/actress or a famous painter that inspires me. It is Taitu; a brave, daring, motivated, courageous women who fought not for herself but for her country’s freedom. She led an army by her self in very unfavorable conditions and achieved what she wanted; she achieved freedom. And I look up to her with pride. She is a true depiction of what a woman is. She didn’t care that people didn’t think much of women, she knew what she was capable of and her confidence was what made all the men follow her to battle and put their lives in her hands. That is what I strive for, to be the commander of my own kind of army, an army of courageous women who will always fight for what is right, for the good of the society and to finally tighten the gap seen between our genders.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Animal Breeding

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Animal Breeding REVIEW OF LITERATURE Global Animal data bank for genetic resources documents more than 14,017 breeds of domesticated livestock species in over 181 countries. However, this is underestimations of indigenous farm animals of developing countries are yet to be documented (FAO, 2011). Hall, (2004) studied the two stage process to develop the enormous livestock biodiversity. 1) Domestication and 2) breed differentiation. Both theses stages involved genetic legitimate changes and are thus evolutionary and cultural. In these stages, farm animals/ populations have acquired unique adaptation in response to diverse environment. Genetic diversity of farm animal and their adaptability provides building blocks for very successful breed improvement programs. Moreover, the conservation and improvement of farm animal diversity is an opportunity to respond in future needs. The farm animal’s resources lost due to the heavy cross breeding schemes in recent past. There is urgent need for conservation of these resource s and documents Biometric traits generally used to characterize the different breeds of livestock as they are body confirmation. These traits are also used for comparison of growth in different individuals. Mostly body dimensions are used to indicate breed, origin and relationship or shape and size of individuals (Buchenauer, 1993). Body measures and indices estimated from different combinations of different body traits produced superior guide to weight and also used as indicator of type and function in farm animals (Schwabe and Hall, 1989; Salako, 2006). The objective of to measure the body dimensions could be improved the body shapes by enabling the breeders to recognize early maturity and late maturity of different animals size (Brown et al., 1973; 1974). The body dimensions could be achieved by grouping them more meaningfully. Significant difference in different body dimensions is due to the sex age and some reports in different breeds and species (Gilbert et al., 1993; Shahin et al., 1995; Pundir et al., 2007a,b,c; Singh et al., 2008; Yakuba et al., 2009 and Khuram, 2013) in Cattle; (Biedermann and SSchmucker, 1989, Jakubec et al., 1999; Miserani et al., 2002 and Sadak et al., 2006) in Horses and Sarako et al., 2006 in Sheep. Analyses of multivariate are used to obtained relationships among different body measurements. The PCA analysis can explain relationships in a better way when the recorded traits are used to obtain relationships among different body measures Hammock et al. (1986). This type of analysis transform original group of variables. The purpose of PCA analysis is to reduce a data set and describe to use easily (Yakuba et al., 2009). For breed improvement, multifactor analysis is mostly considering a group of attributes, which may be used for selection (Fumio et al., 1982). Multivariate analysis used to study the different biometric traits in Japanese black cattle, Swiss Dairy Cattle and White Fulani cattle (Fumio et al., 1982; Hammock et al., 1986; Karacaroen et al., 2008). Salako, 2006 and Sadek et al., 2009 used PCA analysis to study the different biometric traits in Uda sheep and in Arabian Horses, respectively. Tolenkhomba et al. (2012) measure 18 different biometric traits in Manipuri local cattle in India. They measure height at whiter, neck girth, body length, puch girth, ear length, tail length, switch length horn diameter circumference of horn, length of horn in 107 bulls. The average of these traits in this local animal indicates that this is a smaller type cattle breed. Promax rotation revealed 6 factors which explained about 69.77 % of the total variation. Factor 1 described the general body confirma tion and explained 21.93% of total variation. The results of this study revealed a significant high loading of height at wither, body length, heart girth, Puch girth and ear length. The ranged of communality from 0.493 to 0.782 and unique factor ranged from 0.507 to 0.218 for all traits. Pundir et al. (2011) studied the Kankaraj cattle and also used 18 different traits for body confirmation. Average body length, height at wither, height at shoulder, height at knee, heart girth were 123.44Â ±0.37, 124.49Â ±0.28, 94.68Â ±0.30, 38.2Â ±0.14, 162.56Â ±0.56, 178.95Â ±0.70, 44.09Â ±0.10, 15.91Â ±0.05, 42.47Â ±0.53, 26.07Â ±0.19,13.34Â ±0.08, 31.24Â ±0.12, 16.10Â ±0.05, 50.63Â ±0.18, 73.21Â ±0.32, 111.62Â ±0.53, 89.34Â ±0.34 and 17.28Â ±0.10 cm, respectively. They measured correlation of coeffiecnt between traits’ ranged from -0.806 to -0.815. Most of the correlations were positive and significant. They also used promax rotation with power 3 and find three factors, which explained about 66.02% of the total variation. Factor 1 described the body confirmation and explained 19.68% of total variation. The second factor described the front view and third back of the animal 7.44. Yakuba et al. (2009) also studied the factor analysis for body confirmation in white Fulani cattle. They find that age group significantly influenced all the measured traits. The correlation coeffiecnt of body measures ranged from 0.5-0.9 and 0.22-0.9 for 1.5-2 and 2.5-3.6 years. In factor solution of PCA analysis two factor with ratio of variation 85.37 in first group. In second age group four factors which explained 86.47% of the generalized variation were extracted. Salako et al. (2006) measured ten different biometric traits. The body measured includes Wither height (WH), Rump Width (RW), Tail length, rump length, rum height. Appling trational use of body size estimation, the animals measurements were BL=59.37Â ±4.50,RL=22.1Â ±1.12, RH=65.18Â ±6.06, RW=12.90Â ±1.24, FL=41.62Â ±2.29, SW=14.40Â ±1.45, FaL=21.47Â ±1.82, TL=40.72Â ±2.71 and HG=71.98Â ±4.30cm. Variation was observed within the body measurements. The first and second factor of their study was 67.6 and 11.03%. the first component contained measurements that are closely associated with bone growth while the second one to produce dimensions that are relatively less associated. In another study, Yakuba et al. (2011) determine the interdependence among the confirmation traits of Uda ram. The various constituent parts of the body developed at varying rates. This accounted for 86.3 % of the total variance. The first component alone explained 80 % of the variance and tended to describe general size, while second component for meat traits. Yakubu et al. (2013) studied the biometric traits of Yankasa sheep and measure different body traits. The body measurements taken were: withers height, rump height, body length, heart girth, tail length, face length, shoulder width, head width, rump width, ear length, fore leg length, hind leg length and rump length. General linear model was used to study the age group effect. Luanna et al. (2012) measured the Moroccan goat population and find the importance of body measure among individual’s and populations. The traits were wither height (WH), brisket height (BH) and ear length (EL). Thorax depth (WH-BH) and the three indices, TD/WH, EL/TD and EL/WH, were also calculated. The first component explained 99 % of the total variance. Importance of PCA analysis for Breed conservation Livestock species is results of a combination of various processes. These includes domestatication, migration, genetic isolation, environmental adaptation, selective breeding (Lacy, 1997). Small populations lose genetic variability because of genetic drift and inbreeding within populations. Lower variability suppress individuals fitness (Rege, 1999), resistance to disease and parasities and flexibility in coping with environmental challenges (Rege and lipner, 1992). Moreover, lower variation decreases fitness of population, resilience and ling term adaptability. Sheep breeds are far from uniform (Kruger, 2001) and this difference is the overall results of the fact that in thousands of years since animals were first domesticated (kohler-Rollefson, 2001; Hall, 2004). A large verity of breeds has been developed through adaptation to various ecological niches. These breeds grow quikly, produce tones of meat, wool and milk but rely on high quilty feed and need intensive veterinary care (Ramsey et al., 2000; FAO, 2007; Kunene et al., 2009) . Therefore the purpose of this study was to document the important native/ indigenous cattle breed and this review explain some important measurement for factor analysis. Correlations are established to set relationships between different body measurements. The factor and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can best explain the relationships in more appropriate way when the recorded traits are correlated. Principal components are the linear combination of original variables and in these kinds of analysis original group of variables are transformed into another group. The data set will be shortened by factor and principal component analysis so that it could be described in more accurate way. In recent years biometric measurements/traits of many others animal species has been published. Most of these worker studies the Body length (BL), Heart girth (HG), Face length (FL), Shoulder width (SW), Head width (HW), Foreleg length (FL), Hind leg length (HL), Rump height (RH), Rump width (RW), R ump length (RL), Cannon circumference (CC), Withers height (WH) and Tail length (TL) of some cattle breeds. A review on these parameters is as follows. Body length (BL): Production traits of beef cattle are directly related to body length (BL). A study on Fulani cattle showed a relationship with production (Yakubu et al., 2010). In a study on Kankrej cows it was formed that biometric trait has a strong relationship with high production of milk (Pundir et al., 2011). Muhammad et al. (2012) by using regression tree (RT) estimated body lengths of some sheep breeds in Baluchistan province. Face length (FL): Face length, lips area and nasal circumference show the behavior of animal feeding. In case of selection of elite animal face length parameter has an important role. Comparison between two breed, native and Holstein cattle showed that the production performance is greatly affected by differences in face length parameter (Meyer, 2005). A study was conducted on Uda sheep and it was observed that this breed has static variation for face length (Salako et al., 2006). Kankrej cattle have a wide variation with face length and it shows relationship with production traits (Pundir et al., 2011). Head width (HW): Head width is also an important parameter in the beef and dairy production. Significant effect in milk production is observed in Swiss dairy cattle and Frisian cattle due to a wide variation in head width (Karacaroen and Kadarmindeen, 2008). In a comparative study of some high and low producing cattle breeds it was observed that head width was significantly an important indicator of production (Khan et al., 2008). In case of evaluation process of production and domestication of animal this portion of body has its own importance (Yakubu et al., 2010). Heart girth (HG) Body weight of animal can be measured by measuring the heart girth (HG). Meyer, (2005) used multivariate restricted maximum likelihood analysis for measuring the some phenotypic measurements including heart girth (HG). They developed an easy procedure to handle large data sets of phenotypic observation in Australian Angus cattle. By studying the Fulani cattle it was observed that hearth girth has a close relation with production (Yakubu et al., 2009). Principal component analysis proved some meat quality variables along with body measurements including heart girth (Mulyono et al., 2009). In India a study was carried out on 407 Kankrej cattle and it was found that heart girth has a very significant relationship with production (Pundir et al., 2011). Shoulder width (SW): Shoulder width has relation in beef producing animal and it is a good indicator for the evaluation of beef producing animal (Shahin et al., 1995). Proportion of barrel attachment with shoulder width has significant indication in Red Sindhi cattle (Pundir et al., 2007b). A study was carried out on Fulani cattle and it was observed that shoulder width has a significant effect on production (Pundir et al., 2011). Foreleg length (FL): Price of animal can be fixed by considering by strength of legs. Foreleg length plays an important role in the indication of dairy and beef sector (Khan et al., 2008). Frisian cattle have less strength in forelegs as compared to Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). Okpeku et al. (2011) Observed that the biometric traits have strong relationship with production. Hind leg length (HL): Like forelegs the animal strength is also directly proportional to the hind leg lengths (Khan et al., 2008). Frisian cattle have less strength in hind legs as compared to Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). In a study on Perynean cattle proved that leg length is related somewhat with production (Casanova et al., 2011). Rump height (RH) : Rump height is important factor to judge the animal. Some morphometric observations were made on Swiss dairy cattle and some body measurements and functional traits were used including rump height (Karacaroen and Kadarmindeen 2008). A study on cattle also showed the relationship of this trait with production performance (Yakubu et al., 2009). In Kankerj cattle it was observed that rump height has significant effect on production performance (Pundir et al., 2011). Rump width (RW): In dairy and beef animal rump width (RW) has significant role. This part of body has its own and unique importance in evolutionary process (Simon et al., 1993). In a study on British breeds of cattle, rump width was also somewhat related with heavy weight and showed role in milk production (Schwabe et al., 1989). In Indian native cows observation showed that rump width has a role in weight of animal and production. In this study some anatomical observations were correlated with phenotypic observations (Singh et al., 2008). In study on white Fulani cattle rump width was also measured and was related to production (Yakubu et al., 2009). Rump length (RL): Rump length is an important indicator of dairy and beef animal as in rump width. It is one of the important parameter in body measurement to judge the animal. In some livestock breeds, it was observed that rump length has an effect on weight and production (Simon et al., 1993). Singh et al. (2008) explain some liner type traits with evaluation process in some native cattle breeds. Some biometric traits were studied on goat and reported relationship of rump length with meat characteristics (Okpeku et al., 2011). Casanova et al. (2011) studying Pyrenean cattle found that these biometric measurements best describe the specific beef or milk production characteristics. Wither height (WH): Wither height has its own importance in some cattle breeds for explaining body conformation. Wither height was measured in Sahiwal cattle and it was related to some production parameters (Khan et al., 2008). In Fulani cattle wither height was measured to explain body conformation and results showed that it is good parameter to judge a productive animal (Yakubu et al., 2009). In Perynean cattle PCA was used to explain the withers height (Casanova et al., 2011). In a study on Kankrej cows, the withers height was recorded in 403 cows. The average measurement of this trait was 124.49Â ±0.28 cm. The results of this study showed that withers height is very important to explain the body conformation in this breed (Pundir et al., 2011). Tail length (TL): In animal tail length is a defensive part of the body. This portion of the body has a very unique position in genetic diversity. Tail length is considered an important body portion in beef animal (Meyer, 2005).It was reported that tail length has direct importance on production performance in Fulani cattle (Yakubu et al., 2009) and has significant association with performance in Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). The observations were also made on some Perynean cattle by studying biometric traits including tail length (Casanova et al., 2011).